Bihar Board Class 11th के English Book ( RAINBOW PART -01) के Prose Section का Chapter - 5 ( The Scientific Point Of View ) जो J.B.S. Haldane के द्वारा लिखा गया है । तो आज हमलोग The Scientific Point Of View ka Question Answer देखने वाले हैं 11th Class English Chapter 5 Question Answer
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
(5 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS" was a British-Indian scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics. With innovative use of statistics in biology, he was one of the founders of neo - Darwinism. He served in the Great War, and obtained the rank of captain. Despite his lack of an academic degree in the field, he taught biology at the University of Cambridge, the Royal Institution, and University College London.[5] Renouncing his British citizenship, he became an Indian citizen in 1961 and worked at the Indian Statistical Institute for the rest of his life.
This Post included
- Class 11th English Chapter - 5 The Scientific Point Of View Question Answer
- The Scientific Point Of View Short and long Question Answer
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS
A. Work in small groups and discuss the following questions:
Q. 1. The people of older generation or the rural people cover their head with a towel when they have to walk in the scorching sun. Why?
Ans. The people of older generation or the villagers cover their head with a towel when they have to walk in the scorching sun because they find some relief from heat. In scorching sun water as well as minerals from the body passes out in the process of evaporation through head. If people cover their head with towel the process of evaporation is minimised and they do not lose their energy very fast.
Q. 2. What do you understand by science? What are the basic tools of science ?
Ans. Science is the knowledge about the structure and behaviour of the natural and physical world, based on facts that we can prove for example by experiments.
It is a system for organizing the knowledge about a particular subject, especially one concerned with aspects of human behaviour or society. If he is an expert in natural science, he may invent something new. The basic tools of science are- (i) one's own developing mind, (ii) hobby to experiment by combining one thing with another, (iii) intuition and eagerness to search new thing, (iv) reading the books on the subject by eminent authors and scientists, (v) the critical and scientific mind.
Q. 3. What is scientific point of view? Is science different from scientific point of view? How ?
Ans. Scientific point of view means the ideas which are critical and experimented. They are supported by reasoning. They are not mere hypothesis or prediction. They are based on the methods of science which lead to the success, development and easy going life for the human being.
The difference between science and scientific point of view is that science gives us inventions, discovery for the easy going life. It creates miracles with its inventions like computer, television, mobile phone, aeroplane, space-craft etc. The scientific point of view is just an idea based on experimental truth and critical mind. A man having scientific point of view may not invent anything in his life. But his ideas are clear cut and reasonable. But a scientist can be recognised only with his inventions, discoveries or scientific theories.
B. 1.1. Complete the following sentences:
Ans. :
(i) Driving in a motor car is the example of the benefits by its application of science.
(ii) An example of the impact of science on our opinions is inculcation of scepticism.
(iii) The object of the author in this essay is to make man take things from scientific point of view.
(iv) The best utilisation of science is to apply it to the events of daily life.
(v) The two charges against science are being deaf to moral consideration and for interfering in ethical problem which do not concern them.
B. 1.2 Answer the following questions briefly :
Q. 1. Name two ways in which science affects average man and woman.
Ans. Science affects the average man and woman in two ways. It allows them to use its inventions and discoveries; and it influences their opinion. Man now uses a car instead of horse- drawn carriage. He approaches a physician or a surgeon in case of illness and not a witch-doctor. And he believes that the earth m is round, the heavens are empty and that monkeys are the qu ancestors of men.
Q. 2. What do you understand by scientific point of e view? Can it help us in our daily life?
Ans. Scientific point of view is far bigger for the human mind than substitution of one set of beliefs for another or implanting disbelief regarding accepted opinions.
Scientific point of view can help us if we are to control our own and one another's actions, in the same way as we are learning to control nature. The scientific point of view will help us, if it will be applied to the events of life.
Q. 3. What does 'impartiality' mean in connection with scientific standpoints?
Ans. The characteristics of scientific standpoints include efforts to be truthful. It must be impartial. We can understand it through the following example by comparing this with the impartiality maintained in legal matters. A good judge will try to be impartial between Mr. John Smith and Mr. Chang Sing i.e. to both the parties in the case, whereas a good scientist will be impartial between Mr. Smith, a tapeworm and the solar system. It means he will treat all of them, impartially.
Q. 4. How is impartiality in scientific point of view different from legal point of view?
Ans. The impartiality shown in scientific point of view is different from legal point of view. Haldane has very deeply studied the outcome of both the impartialities. As regards impartiality his statement is worth quoting: "a good judge will try to be impartial between Mr. John Smith and Mr. Chang Sing. A good scientist will be impartial between Mr. Smith, a tapeworm and the solar system." A good judge will not allow his specific nationality to interfere with the legal examination of a person of his country and of a foreigner. He will eschew his sympathy and pass a judgement strictly in accordance with law. But a scientist surpasses the impartiality of a judge. He makes no distinction between a tape-worm and the solar system. The former is almost a worthless insect, the latter is the most awful system of the universe. But the scientist studies both of them with equal interest, attention and care. The scientific view is therefore impartial.
Thus in the scientific point of view impartiality is different from legal point of view. Scientist studies both of them with equal attention.
Q. 5. What leads the scientists to pride and humility? Ans. Being engaged in the search for physical or natural
developments that few people are capable of conducting, a scientist develops pride in his knowledge and distinction. This knowledge grows from year to year and in one area at least a scientist surpasses every other. Researches in areas that are vast such as space and solar system also give the scientists a sense of self-importance.
Q. 6. What makes it difficult for the scientist to understand his mind ?
Ans. The scientist's carefully studying of the things as a statue or a symphony and his awe for the solar system, which led his predecessors either to worship its constituent or at least regard them as inscrutable servants of the Almighty too exalted for human comprehension. Such an attitude leads the scientist to a curious mixture or pride and humility. The solar system turns out to be a group of bodies rather small in comparison with many of their neighbours and executing their movements according to simple and easily intelligible laws. But he himself is a rather abberant member of the same order as the monkey, while his mind is at the mercy of a number of chemical processes in body. which he can understand but can hardly control at all. So this makes if difficult to the scientists to understand his mind.
Q. 7. What do you understand by 'God's eye-view"? When or how may scientific points of view be called God's eye-view ?
Ans. To a scientist all natural or physical phenomena is of the same emotional level. Therefore, whether any thing is individually small or big it is the same to the scientist. For instance, to a scientist neither a tapeworm is contemptible nor is solar system awe-inspiring. In one case he has to overcome his contempt and in another he has to transcend his fears. And in both cases there is a check of one's feeling and sentiment.
So far as God's love and compassion is concerned, it is fairly distributed in the universe. To God a beggar is as much important as a king though they belong to two different social strata. Thus in this respect the scientific point of view is comparable to 'God's eye-view'.
Q. 8. Can science determine what is right or wrong?
Ans. Science cannot determine what is right or wrong. It is not possible for it to do so. It can work out the consequences of various actions and reactions. It cannot pass judgement on them. The bacteriologist can simply express his view regarding the ill-effects of pollution of public water supply. He may compare the deaths caused by water-pollution with letting of a bomb in the public street. But he is no better equipped than anyone else in possession of the knowledge he has gained, to determine if these two acts are equally wrong. Hence, science cannot determine what is right or what is wrong.
B. 2.1 Complete the following sentences : Ans.
(a) The average man dwells on the emotional and ethical side of a case rather than on facts.
(b) The scientists are interested in finding out the truthful and impartial facts of objects/nature.
(c) Negroes are not inferior to Americans because they are
very laborious and enjoy the equal rights.
(d) The death-rate of the Negroes exceeds the birth-rate in southern towns and all through the north.
(e) The Negroes' original home is the West Coast of Africa.
(f) The birth-rate of the Negroes exceeds the death-rate in the country districts of the southern states.
(g) The Negroes live healthily and breed rapidly in southern states cotton fields.
(h) We do not care whether our beliefs are rational when we are emotional about a subject.
(i) According to the pre-Christian attitude, a case of disease is a punishment for a sin.
(j) According to the scientists, a case disease is a manifestation of a natural law.
(k) The first step in return to nature would be to discard clothes and to invite pneumonia.
(l) In comparison to the savage men, the life expectancy of the uncivilized men is shorter.
B. 2.2. Answer the following questions briefly :
Q. 1. How is the tendency of the average man different from that of the scientists ?
Ans. An average man is influenced by emotions and has a moral notion in every case. This leads him to ignore plain facts about things. For example, since the white Americans dislike Negroes, they push them southwards. And in case of diseases man cares more for his whims and moods than for scientific understanding. Formerly people believed that diseases were punishment inflicted by angry gods.
A scientist attaches importance to the value of systematic study of facts. He tends to be impartial. Whether he works in a laboratory or outside, he subjects a chemical process or a particular object to a strict test. In the records the results are always factual. He is always impartial and truthful in his acts and behaviour. In short, the scientific approach places value on systematic study of facts and tends to be impartial. On the other hand, the tendency of an average man is controlled by emotions. personal prejudice, sense of morality and normal notions. That is why the tendency of the average man is different from that of the scientist.
Q. 2. Does environment affect the death-rate ? Give examples from the text as well as from your surroundings.
Ans. Environment plays a dominant role in affecting the death-rate. It is not necessary that the inhabitant of a particular place will be suitable to the dwellers of different places. It depends on their nature and the way they live in. As an example, the environment in southern states is more suitable to the Negroes than the northern states,. As such their birth-rate in the southern states is comparatively higher than northern states. Haldane observes that high death-rates are due to the fact that in an environment suitable to a white man, they (Negroes) die of consumption and other diseases. Likewise the white man dies early on the west coast of Africa, the Negro's original home.
Q. 3. What does the author mean by 'reservoir of disease germs?
Ans. Negroes live most unhygienically. They also have dirty surroundings. They have not followed the methods of modem science. As such they have suffered from a number of diseases The author throws light on the infection of diseases. He also explains that certain diseases are prevalent among Negroes. He further observes that these diseases may be transferred to one another by raw emotions of the unreasonable belief than scientific thought.
Q. 4. How did the American Civil War affect the Negroes?
Ans. The American Civil War was aimed at raising the te Negroes' death-rate and lowering their birth-rate. The purpose was to check their population. Between 1910 and 1920, the number of Negroes in the United States increased as much as it had increased in the decade before the Civil War. The number of Negroes killed in the Civil War was far greater than the casualty list of the Civil War. It shows the ill-effects of American Civil War caused to Negroes.
Q. 5. Jesus Christ's attitude to disease is close to the attitude of the scientists. How can you say this?
Ans. Before Christ, people believed that a disease was a punishment from a deity for a sin committed either by that person or any member of the person's family. Christ did not accept this view. When a blind person was brought before him and people asked "Who is the sinner ?" Is it this person or his father or his mother? **Jesus replied, "No body has sinned, neither this man nor his parents. His blindness is simply a manifestation of God's power." This was a radical view that enabled people to take care of the patient. So long as sickness was considered a result of sin, the patient was neglected, attempt was made to please the deity by sacrifice and other rituals. In the modern age the clinical view comes closer to the view of Christ. The present-day doctor does not say that disease is manifestation of God's power, but they believe that it is manifestation of a natural law.
Q. 6. How will the discarding of clothes affect mankind?
Ans. Many people believe that diseases could be prevented by return to nature. But the author thinks that the first step in return to nature would be the discarding of clothes, which would at once increase the mortality from pneumonia about a hundred-fold. According to the author, the phrase "Live according to Nature" is quite meaningless. Civilized and savage, health and sickness are equally parts of nature. Some features of civilization are bad for health, but for all that, such statistics as are available show that civilized men live longer than the uncivilized ones.
B. 3. Answer the following questions briefly :
Q. 1. Name the important causes which help civilized men to live longer than the uncivilized?
Ans. There are several causes that help civilized me to live longer than the uncivilized. Researches in medicine have developed many vaccines and drugs that can keep a man healthy and free from illness. But because of their casual approach, a large number of people, mostly savages, fail to improve their condition. Most of those people are still careless. They neither try to obtain complete medical information on the disease they suffer from nor are they regular in taking medicines and proper diet. Individual attention is therefore very important in matters of diseases. A civilized man of a scientific outlook will keep away his personal likes and dislikes and strictly follow medical advice. An uncivilized man cannot determine what is right and what is wrong though he can conclude how bacteria cause a disease.
Among such diseases are diptharia, small pox, measles and air. borne diseases. They require a control over environment which only the government can manage and a civilized man becomes benefitted by following it and seeks assistance of the government. Thus civilized men live longer than the uncivilized due to their awareness and following of the results of modern research as well as advice.
Q. 2. Why does the author compare a human body to a system?
Ans. Human body is a system obeying quite definite laws. J.B.S. Haldane had a very keen observation of human nature. He was a leading scientist. He has come to a right conclusion that human body is just like a system. This can be seen in diabetics. Few diabetics are regular in use of insulin that can alone keep them fit. The author advises diabetics to understand that their physical system can work only when they regularly take injections of insulin. If they are casual in their approach they invite only more troubles. The worst sufferers from diabetes can regain full health and keep themselves indefinitely all right if they follow that direction.
Q. 3. Why has the discovery of insulin not made any appreciable difference to the mortality in England ?
Ans. Haldane had disclosed the reality that the discovery of insulin did not make any appreciable difference to the mortality rate in England. He revealed this fact through a typical example of two diabetic patients. One of them did not bother to replace her broken syringe and the other neglected her insulin injection because she thought that she would be hospitalised soon, in which case nurses would take care of diabetes as well. What is the use of discovery of insulin as prevention of diabetes for such people? The author observes that the people are even today careless.
Q. 4. Name the infection which can effectively be dealt with by public control of water supply.
Ans. There are certain diseases which are caused by water pollution. Haldane had rightly disclosed the fact that typhoidm infection can only be dealt with adequately by public control of c the water supply. Individual attention is very important in this d matter. In a country where typhoid fever is common, it is always d hard to drink beer or wine or personally see that one's water is C boiled and annual vaccination involves a day mild illness.
Q. 5. Name any three air-borne diseases.
Ans. Diptheria, small pox and measles are the three main air- borne diseases. They are fatal too. Individual efforts are not enough to fight with these diseases
They require a control over environmental pollution which only the government can manage.
Q. 6. Why does the author demand the general adoption of the scientific point of view?
Ans. J. B. S. Haldane, in this essay expresses the need to adopt the scientific point of view in our life. According to the author all phenomena is of the same emotional level to a scientist. For instance, a tapeworm is not contemptible nor is solar system awe inspiring for a scientist. In one case he has to overcome his contempt and in another he has to transcend his fear.
Mr. Haldane emphasises on the general adoption of the scientific point of view because in its absence human efforts are so largely devoted to conflicts with fellow men, in which ne, not both of the disputants, must inevitably suffer.
Q. 7. Explain the phrase 'the rulers of the darkness of this world'.
Ans. J. B. S. Haldane has used in his essay the phrase 'the rulers of the darkness of the world' which suggests the invisible creatures, 'the demons'. They are supposed to be the rulers of the darkness. St. Paul has called the demon as the power of the darkness.
C. 1. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS :
Q. 1. 'Science cannot determine what is right or wrong, and should not try to'. Why does the author say so ? Give reasons.
Ans. Science can work out the consequences of various actions, but it cannot pass judgement on them. The bacteriologist can simply express his views regarding the ill-effects of pollution for the water supply. He may compare the deaths caused by water pollution with letting of a bomb in the public street. But he is not better equipped than anyone else in possession of the knowledge he has gained to determine whether these two acts are equally wrong.
To a scientist all phenomena is of the same emotional level. For instance, to a scientist a tapeworm is not contemptible nor, is solar system awe-inspiring. In one case he has to overcome his contempt and in another he has to transcend his fears.
Therefore, scientists cannot determine what is right or wrong and should not try to. He can work out the consequences of various actions, but he cannot pass judgement on them. He is no better equipped than anyone else in possession of the knowledge he has gained for determining whether these two acts are equally wrong.
Q. 2. Do you agree with the author's view that science should not try to determine what is right or wrong?
Ans. A scientist's view and action is to find out the facts. He is curious to work out the consequence of various actions, but at the same time he does not pass judgement on them.
Haldane has expressed his opinion on the basis of a close observation of the methodology adopted by a scientist. He adds that the scientist should not even indulge themselves in such activities. They need not brother to know the outcome of what happens with their scientific research. The scientific approach places value on systematic study and observation of facts and tends to be impartial. To a scientist all phenomena is of the same emotional value. A tapeworm is not contemptible nor is solar system awe-inspiring to a scientist. In one case he has to overcome his contempt and in another he has to transcend his fears. In both cases there is a check of one's feeling. The bacteriologist can simply express his views regarding the ill- effects of pollution of the water supply. He may compare the death caused by water pollution with letting of a bomb in the public streets. But he is no better equipped than anyone else in possession of the knowledge he has gained to determine whether these two acts are equally wrong.
In view of the facts mentioned above the author comes to the conclusion that science should not try to determine what is right or wrong.
Q. 3. What do you mean by 'ethically neutral'? Who is ethically neutral ? Can science be ethically neutral ?
Ans. Mr. J. B. S. Haldane in his essay, underlines the real characteristics of a scientist. He observes on the basis of a close study of the methodology adopted by a scientist by disclosing that a scientist cannot determine what is right or wrong. Thus the author has come up with frank statements regarding the nature of science by telling that "Science cannot determine what is right or wrong." It occurs immediately after the scientist has compared scientific point of view with that of God's eye-view. The learned, author says that a scientist is perfectly neutral. He cites two examples to illustrate this. The first example is that of a bactariologist, who after making a study of the bacteria present in water can say precisely that it will cause the same number of deaths as can be caused by a bomb. But he can never say which is right or wrong,
The other example is more complex based on the practice of racial discrimination. A white man can think that he is superior to a Negro, but scientists can only point out the biological difference between the two. He can also say clearly that in certain, climates a Negro's family is boosted and in the same climatic pattern a white may find it difficult to survive. Nevertheless the scientist will never share the political views of either. He will restrict himself to pronouncing merely on the basis of biological evidence and be impartial too.
Q. 4. Why does the author feel that the discovery of drugs, does not protect the people very much?
Ans. Haldane feels that the discovery of drugs is not much helpful to protect human life. It may be a preventive measure but not a permanent cure of the diseases. The cause of typhoid infection is water-pollution. As such to deal with public control of water properly would be helpful in this direction. Diptheria, measles and small pox etc. are air-borne diseases and could be stamped out by a public effort. Such an effort would involve the individual assistance and self-sacrifice of sick persons and their relatives as well as international co-operation. It is impossible until people realize its importance in this direction. The environmental pollution must be dealt with strong will and global co-operation. Then we may be able to fight with diseases. The use of drugs alone cannot be much helpful in protecting human lives from diseases.
Q. 5. What are the findings of the biologist on the Negro problem in America ?
Ans. Mr. Haldane in his essay has come up with the issue of the findings of the biologists on the Negro problem. The author has explained this issue. The white Americans hold that the American Negro is definitely inferior to the white man and should be separated from him. Some of them feel that they should enjoy the same rights. But the biologists can point out that the Negro's skull is more ape-like than the white's but his hairless skin so on and so forth. The biologists also finds that the birth-rate of the Negro exceeds the death-rate in the country districts of southern states, whereas in the southern towns and all though the north their death-rate is higher than their birth-rate. Their high death-rates are due to the fact that in an environment suitable to white man they (Negroes) die of consumption and other diseases. The white man dies on the west coast of Africa in the same way. This place is Negro's original home.
Q. 6. Who are the real enemies of man and how are they to be conquered?
Ans. Man has formed a wrong idea about his enemies. One of his colleagues translated a French paper on chemotherapy. sometimes back. He quoted a phrase 'tue par l' ennemi' in reference to a deceased pharmacologist. According to the author, he has interpreted that the pharmacologist died of an accidental infection. The author found his version not exactly true. The idea of pharmacologist's death due to the action of germ seems to be untrue and the real cause might be the action of the Germans.
Like St. Paul, the scientist of today believes that the worst enemies of man are demons, 'The power of darkness', invisible creatures are bacteria and germs. The difference, however, is that for St. Paul they were devils, whereas to the scientist today they are microbes.
Q. 7. Will a return to nature help overcome diseases?
Ans. Many persons believe that diseases could be prevented and controlled by a return to nature. It may be correct to some extent but in the age of modern research and inventions J.B.S. Haldane does not agree to this view. According to him, this idea of return to nature is far from reality. He further adds that return to nature means to reject putting on clothes which will lead to unnatural and immatured death from pneumonia in large numbers. As such the saying 'Live according to nature' is quite meaningless. Civilized and uncivilized, health and sickness are equally parts of nature. It is reflected in this expression as if the author had placed civilized person as a symbol of health and the uncivilized that of sickness. He also realises that some features of civilization are bad for health. But for all that such statistics as are available, show that civilized men live longer than the uncivilized.
Therefore, a return to nature will not be in any way helpful to overcome diseases.
Q. 8. 'Live according to nature' is quite meaningless. Do you agree with this opinion? Give reasons.
Ans. Even in the modern age, there are many who believe that man was better when he was not civilized. They want men
to live according to nature. However, Haldane has a serious objection to this saying. According to him, the first step towards adopting this principle would be to give up the wearing of clothes, which will help bacteria of pneumonia.
Haldane concedes that there are many things in modern civilization that are injurious to health. But considering the overall situation, people are better off in matters of health than de ever. Therefore 'Live according to nature' is a meaningless saying.
Q. 9. 'The study of medicine apart from its scientific basis creates neurotics rather than scientists.' What does the author mean by this?
Ans. The author is talking about the effects and results el caused by the study of medicine without adopting scientific method. He expresses his views that people realize that the germs of diseases are foreigners and much more likely to kill one. He observes that typhoid infection is the result of water-pollution. Diphtheria, small pox, measles and some other diseases are air- borne diseases and could be eradicated by public efforts. Individual assistance as well as self-sacrifice of sick persons and their relatives would be helpful in solving this problem. International assistance is highly significant too.
Therefore, the study of medicine without the assistance of scientific method will be of no use. To adopt scientific method in the study of medicine would be an idea of a sound mind otherwise it will create nervous illness and the very objective of its usefulness would not be materialised.
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